Compiled by the Indo-Mongolian Society of
New York in 2004 www.MongolianCulture.com
Contents
History of the Mongols, Genghis Khan - Chinggis
Khan,
Mongol Military Campaigns, Yuan
Dynasty - Mongol China,
Ilkhanid Dynasty - Mongol Iran,
Ulus Chaghatay Dynasty - Mongol Central
Asia,
Golden Horde Dynasty - Mongol Russia,
Mongol Invasions of Japan, Mongols in South East Asia,
Post-Empire and Modern Mongolia,
Nomadic Civilization - Pastoral Nomadism & Inner Asian History,
Religious History of the Mongols, Art of the Mongol Empire,
Other Mongolian History Images, Other Articles About Mongolian History,
Mongol Empire Maps, Mongolian
History Timelines,
Central Asian Tribal Groups History, The Manchus,
The Silk Road, Silk Road Art,
Silk Road Frescoes of Dunhuang,
Historical Maps, Period Photos:
Mongol, Tibetan, Siberian and Central Asian Subjects,
http://countrystudies.us/mongolia/4.htm
Ancestry of the Mongols
http://www.coldsiberia.org/ancestry.htm
http://ron.heavengames.com/gameinfo/nations/mongol/mongol.shtml
Defining Territories and Empire: from Mongol Ulus to Russian Siberia, 1200 - 1800
http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/Proceed97/Kotkin1.html
How did the Mongols Link East and West?
http://www.friesian.com/mongol.htm
History of the Mongol Empire - List of Rulers
The 'Pax Mongolica'
http://www.silk-road.com/artl/paxmongolica.shtml
Mongols in World History
http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/mongols/
Mongol History
http://danielroy.tripod.com/cgi-bin/alternate/mongolia/history.html
History of the Mongol Empire
Mongolia FAQ
http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~corff/mfaq-3.html
Virtual Mongol History
http://www.kiku.com/electric_samurai/virtual_mongol/history.html
Reign of Kuyuk (Guyuk) Khan
http://reference.allrefer.com/country-guide-study/mongolia/mongolia25.html
John of Plano Carpini the Pope's Envoy Travels to the
Court of G'y'k Khan
http://www.silk-road.com/artl/carrub.shtml
Europe and the Vatican's Perspectives on the Mongol
Empire Expansion
http://www.mille.org/publications/summer98/fschmieder.pdf
Grigor of Akner's Account of the Mongols in Armenia and
Georgia
Armenian Historical Accounts of the Mongol Empire
Rabban Sauma, A Nestorian Christian Envoy to the Court of
Khubilai Khan
The 'Barbarian Invaders'
http://www.silk-road.com/artl/barbarian.shtml
A 13th Century Description of the
'Tatars' (Mongols)
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/tartars.html
Great Wall of China 2
http://www.jadedragon.com/archives/arts/greatwal.html
Legacy of the Mongols
http://members.tripod.com/~whitebard/ca7.htm
back to top
Genghis
On Chinggis Khaan
http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~corff/im/Landeskunde/CK.html
The Era of Chinggis Khan, 1206 - 1227
http://countrystudies.us/mongolia/10.htm
Genghis Khan, Father of Mongolian Democracy
Genghis Khan, the Mongols and Asia
http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h11mon.htm
Changing Perceptions of Genghis Khan in Mongolia
The Treasure of Genghis Khan
Legacy of Genghis Khan Exhibition Resources, MET Museum, New
York
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/khan1/hd_khan1.htm
Mongol Military Campaigns
Mongol Conquest of China 1
http://countrystudies.us/mongolia/11.htm
Mongol Conquest of Khwarizm
http://countrystudies.us/mongolia/12.htm
Last Campaign of Genghis Khan
http://countrystudies.us/mongolia/13.htm
Subedai's Campaigns in Europe
http://countrystudies.us/mongolia/15.htm
The Battle of Mohi (Muhi) in Hungary, 1241
Mongol Invasion of Poland, Battle of Liegnitz, 1241
http://www.juniorgeneral.org/liegnitz/liegnitz.html
Research into Mongol Art of War
http://www.deremilitari.org/RESOURCES/SOURCES/carpini.htm
Mamluks and Mongol: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260-1281
http://www.deremilitari.org/RESOURCES/SOURCES/carpini.htm
Mongols Meet Their Match: The Battle of Ain-Jalut
Mongol Armies
Mongol Army, Khans, Commanders, Methods and Campaigns
Mongolian Archery Technique
http://www.atarn.org/mongolian/mngtchnq.htm
Mongolian and Tibetan Archery
http://www.atarn.org/letters/ltr_mar01.htm
Khubilai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty
http://countrystudies.us/mongolia/18.htm
Yuan Dynasty Social Economy
http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/yuan/social-economy.htm
Yuan Dynasty Paper Money Photograph
http://www.zeno.ru/showphoto.php?photo=85
Khubilai Khan in Battle, 1287 (Observations of Marco Polo)
http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/khan.htm
Phaga-pa Alphabet
http://www.omniglot.com/writing/phagspa.htm
The Monks of Khubilai Khan, Life & Travels of Rabban
Sauma
http://www.aina.org/books/mokk/mokk.htm
Yuan Dynasty Zaju (Dramatic Performance Art Form)
Yuan Dynasty Art (1279-1368)
http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/timelines/china/yuan.html
http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/painting/tptgyula.htm
The Arts of the Ilkhanid Period
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ilkh/hd_ilkh.htm
Art of the Book in the Ilkhanid Period
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/khan2/hd_khan2.htm
Developments of Arts in Iran Under the Mongols
http://www.artnet.com/magazine/features/stern/stern1-13-03.asp
New Visual Language of Iran Created by the Mongols
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/khan4/hd_khan4.htm
Images and Description of the Mongol Illustrated History,
The Jami al -Tavarikh, (Compendium of Chronicles by Rashid
al-Din)
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/khan8/hd_khan8.htm
Illustration Sections of the Court of Ghazan Khan
http://members.tripod.com/Mongolian_Page/costumes/costume.html
Chaghatay Ulus Administrative Order in Phags-pa Script with
Chaghatay Mark
http://www.let.osaka-u.ac.jp/toyosi/sial/13-matsui.html
Ulus Chaghatay, Mongol or not?
http://www.turko-tatar.com/uli/pubs/S1995E.pdf
Ulus of Jochi (Golden Horde), 1240 - 1560's
http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/Proceed97/Kotkin2.html
History of Galicia & Volhynia; Relations of Leo of
Galicia with Khan Telebuga of the Golden Horde
http://www.personal.ceu.hu/students/97/Roman_Zakharii/gal.htm
Golden Horde and Tatar Scholarly Articles
http://www.turko-tatar.com/uli/ulipubs.htm
The Mongols and Russia
http://www.geographia.com/russia/rushis03.htm
Mongols in Armenia
http://www.virtualarmenia.am/lori/loriberd/loremedievalcity/mijnadaryanlorekaghak1.htm
Mongol Invasion of Russia
http://www.russiansabroad.com/russian_history_21.html
Japan History Mongol Invasions
http://www.workmall.com/wfb2001/japan/japan_history_mongol_invasions.html
Khubilai Khan's Lost Fleet (Found again)
http://www.abc.se/~m10354/mar/kublai.htm
Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Tibet, & Mongolia
http://www.friesian.com/perigoku.htm
Mongol Campaigns in Vietnam
http://countrystudies.us/vietnam/9.htm
Decline of the Mongol Empire
http://countrystudies.us/mongolia/22.htm
Mongols, Jurchens, and Manchus
http://assets.cambridge.org/0521243343/sample/0521243343WS.pdf
Mongolia in Transition 1368-1911
http://countrystudies.us/mongolia/23.htm
Modern Mongolia 1911-1984
http://countrystudies.us/mongolia/26.htm
Damdiny Sukhbataar, Mongolian Revolutionary Hero
http://www.pjsymes.com.au/articles/suhbaatar.htm
Mongolia's Socialist Construction Under Tsedenbal, 1952-
84
Female Hero: Sorghaghtani Beki
http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/heroine8.html
Heroines: Mongolian Women
http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/mongolian8.html
Names of Mongol Woman Royalty
http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/jessica-bonner/mongolwomen.html
Hun, Pazyryk, Scythian, Bactrian, Vani, Merv, Central Asian
History Brief
http://www.drummingnet.com/alekseev/ChapterVIII.html
History of Inner Asia
http://assets.cambridge.org/0521651697/sample/0521651697WSC00.pdf
Pope Leo's Historic Meeting with Attila the Hun, 452
A.D.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/attila2.html
Nomadism and Pastoralism Worldwide, History and Analysis
http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/Y2647E/y2647e02.htm
Mongolian Nomads Method for Making Felt
http://members.tripod.com/Mongolian_Page/Felting/felting.html
Exhibition: Nomadic Waves & Cultural Exchange on the
Inner Mongolian Steppe
http://www.123soho.com/artgroup/national_palace_museum/1000/np_4ex7.htm
'Animal Style' and the Image of the Horse and
Rider
http://www.transoxiana.com.ar/Eran/Articles/rubinson_abs.html
The New Visual Language Created by the Mongols
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/khan4/hd_khan4.htm
Legacy of Genghis Khan exhibition
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/khan1/hd_khan1.htm
Yuan Dynasty Art (1279-1368)
http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/timelines/china/yuan.html
Mongol Saddle Arch in Gold, 13th Century, Golden
Horde Dynasty
http://www.artnet.com/magazine/features/stern/stern1-13-3.asp
Mongol Rider with Administrator, Yuan Dynasty Painting
http://www.artnet.com/magazine/features/stern/stern1-13-1.asp
Alanquva and Her Three Sons, from the Chingiznama of Rashid
ad-Din, 1596, Mughal Dynasty
http://www.superluminal.com/cookbook/gallery_chingiznama.html
Black & White Illustration of Genghis Khan's Tents,
Ilkhanid Dynasty
http://www.currentmiddleages.org/tents/yurt1pic.htm
Ancient Deer Stones, Western Mongolia
http://www.uoregon.edu/~arthist/jacobson/170M.htm
Ancient Stone Figure, Western Mongolia
http://www.uoregon.edu/~arthist/jacobson/653A.htm
Ancient Armour and Helmets Yuan Dynasty
http://chinese-armour.freewebspace.com/photo.html
/* Change the title */European Technology and Manchu Power: Reflections on the "Military Revolution" in Seventeenth Century China (Fall of the Ming Dynasty & the Rise of the Manchu Qing Dynasty)
http://www.oslo2000.uio.no/program/papers/m1b/m1b-dicosmo.pdf
Notes on the Mongols (Brief Summary of Turko-Mongol Tribes)
http://www.zum.de/whkmla/sat/notes/notesXXXIIImong.html
Przewalski Horse: Ancient Mongolian Horse Rescued from the
Brink of Extinction
http://www.gluckman.com/MongoHorse.html
Mongol Creation Stories
http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-EPT/stuart1.htm
Documentation & Construction of Period Mongol Names
http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/baras-aghur/mongolian.html
Sacred Mongolian Environmental Texts
http://www.arcworld.org/projects.asp?projectID=101
Photos of Karakorum Archeological Excavations
http://www.marcsteinmetz.com/pages/karakorum/ekarakorum_minis.html
Mongolia Climate
http://countrystudies.us/mongolia/34.htm
Bugut Inscription and Early Turkic Habitation in Mongolia
http://www.transoxiana.com.ar/Eran/Articles/alyilmaz.html
Yeh-lu Chu'tsai, Advisor to Genghis Khan
http://www.coldsiberia.org/yehluchu.htm
Rashid ad-Din's Letters: Genuine History or Forgery? By
Abolala Soudavar
http://www.soudavar.com/Letters-Modified3.PDF
The Initial Upper Paleolithic in Northeast Asia
http://paleo.sscnet.ucla.edu/BrantCA2001.pdf
Mongol Empire Map with Marco Polo Route
http://www.hyperhistory.com/online_n2/maptext_n2/mongol1.html
Mongol Khanates, Black & White Map1
http://www.historyonmaps.com/BWSamples/MongolEmpire.htm
Timeline of Mongolian
History
http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/mongols.html
Mongol Dynasties Timelines
http://www.kessler-web.co.uk/History/KingListsFarEast/AsiaMongols.htm
Southwest Asia Time Line 1500 to Now
http://www.spongobongo.com/time1.htm
The Xiongnu Culture, 3rd Century BCE
http://www.silk-road.com/artl/xiongnu1.shtml
http://www.transoxiana.com.ar/Eran/Articles/benjamin.html
http://www.kessler-web.co.uk/History/KingListsEurope/BarbarianHuns.htm
The White Huns- Hephthalites
http://www.silk-road.com/artl/heph.shtml
The Alans
http://www.kessler-web.co.uk/History/KingListsEurope/BarbarianAlans.htm
The Khitan and Jurchen
http://countrystudies.us/mongolia/9.htm
The Khwarezm Shah Empire, 1151 - 1231 A.D.
http://www.allempires.com/empires/khwarezm/khwarezm1.htm
Mongol Tatars
http://hansaray.narod.ru/ekhanate.html
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1220al-Athir-mongols.html
The Tatars
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatars
Ethnic Processes Within the Turkic Population of the West
Siberian Plain By NIKOLAI A. TOMILOV
http://monderusse.revues.org/docannexe/4402tomilov-cmr-2-3-2000.pdf
The Sogdians
http://www.silk-road.com/artl/sogdian.shtml
The Jalayirids
http://www.angelfire.com/tn/halk/jalayr.html
The Qara Khitai, 810 - 1000 A.D.
http://www.kessler-web.co.uk/History/KingListsFarEast/AsiaQaraKhitai.htm
The Crimean Tatars
http://www.iccrimea.org/scholarly/krimtatars.html
The Ashtarkhanid Rulers of Bukhara
http://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Manghit/Ashtar.html
Kazakhstan Unesco history 12th-14th
century
http://www.unesco.kz/natcom/turkestan/e04_kz_ca.htm
Kazakh Area Unesco History
http://www.natcom.unesco.kz/turkestan/e06_yasy_city.htm
History of Kazakhstan
http://www.uzbekistantravelandtours.com/kazak/history.html
The Russian Redbook Listing of Endangered Tribes (Very Large Compendium of Individual Tribal Histories)
http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/introduction.shtml
Silk Road Chronology
http://www.silk-road.com/artl/chrono.shtml
A Silk Road Timeline
http://www.schirmer.com/silkroad/timeline.html
Old World Traditional Trade Routes Maps
http://www.ciolek.com/owtrad.html
Travelers on the Silk Road
http://www.silk-road.com/artl/srtravelmain.shtml
Bactrian Camel: Camelus Bactrianus
http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Camelus_bactrianus.html
Tibetan Manuscripts from the Silk Road
http://idp.bl.uk/chapters/publications/newsletter_archive/news17/idpnews17.html
http://www.asia.si.edu/exhibitions/online/luxuryarts/2.htm
Silk Road Art of the Sogdians
http://www.weecheng.com/silk/tajik/sogdian.htm
Early Portrait Painting in Tibet by Jane Casey Singer
http://www.asianart.com/articles/portrait/
Photographs: In the Mountains of Central Asia
http://faculty.washington.edu/dwaugh/CA/mtntrav.htm
Dunhuang, located in Gansu Province, northwestern China was
one of the main destinations on the ancient Silk Road.
Dunhuang is famous today primarily for its 492 caves that house a treasure trove of frescoes,
scrolls and Buddhist objects dating from the 4th century to 12th century A.D. The
Dunhuang frescoes strikingly illustrate the cross-cultural confluence of aesthetics, philosophies,
mythologies, and histories of India, Central Asia, and China. During the Yuan Dynasty nine new caves
were created and frescoes of the Tibetan Buddhist pantheon were painted within.
International Dunhuang Project
Dunhuang- Buddhist Art From The Silk Road text by Roderick Whitfield; photographs by Seigo Otsuka
http://www.textile-art.com/dun1.html
Dunhuang Caves in China (Mogao Caves)
http://www.crystalinks.com/chinacaves.html
Introduction to Dunhuang Cave Art http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/dunhuang/dhintro.html
Mauryan Empire Map, ca. 323 - 185 B.C.
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/maur/hg_d_maur_d1map.htm
Kushan Empire Map, ca.
2nd - 3rd Century A.D.
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/kush/hd_kush.htm
Asoka, Rock and Pillar Edicts
http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html
Mauryan Art and Architecture
http://www.arthistory.upenn.edu/104/maurya.html
The Vasantra Jataka from Miran, Central Asia
http://www.ibiblio.org/radha/p_a012.htm
Map Showing Diffusion of Indian Languages into Asia
http://classes.bnf.fr/dossiecr/ca-inde.htm
Kharosthi Alphabet
http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kharosthi.htm
Two Aspects of Serindian Art
http://www.asianart.com/forum/serindia.html
The Conservation of a 5th century Buddhist
Gandharan Manuscript by Susan Sayre Batton
http://www.asianart.com/articles/batton/
Cave as Canvas: Hidden Images of Worship Along the Ancient
Silk Routes
http://www.asia.si.edu/exhibitions/online/cave/default.htm
A Lost Literary Buddhist Tradition is Found By PETER MONAGHAN
http://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Reln260/Gandharan-ms.htm
Buddhism and its Spread Along the Silk Road
http://www.silk-road.com/artl/buddhism.shtml
Demon & Deities: Masks of the Himalayas By Thomas Murray Photography by Don Tuttle
http://www.asianart.com/articles/murray/index.html
Indic Ideas in the Graeco-Roman World
http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/h_es/h_es_kak-s_ideas.htm
Ancient Coins of Bactria and Northwest India
http://www.snible.org/coins/hn/bactria.html
Alexander in the East Map with Bactria Region
http://www.fsmitha.com/h1/map13al.htm
Alexander of Macedonia
http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/AncientMacedonia/AlexandertheGreat.html
Sogdiana and Soghdian Art
http://www.weecheng.com/silk/tajik/ogdians.htm
Images of Khorasan and Sogdian Art
http://www.kroraina.com/ca/pict/images.html
Court Art of Sogdian Samarqand in the 7th century
A.D.
http://www.orientarch.uni-halle.de/ca/afras/text/wmaintxt.htm
Sogdian Influences Seen on Turkic Stone Statues, Focusing in
the Fingers Representations by Toshio Hayashi
http://www.transoxiana.com.ar/Eran/Articles/hayashi.html
Sogdian Civilization's Peculiarities by Boris Y. Stavisky
http://www.transoxiana.com.ar/Eran/Articles/stavisky.html
http://www.charm.ru/coins/misc/sogd-silver-unknown.shtml
Empire, Fragmentation and Salvation in Mauryan India
http://www.fsmitha.com/h1/ch13.htm
Parthian Arts and Artifacts
http://www.parthia.com/parthia_arts.htm#Artifacts
Parthian Empire Map
http://www.parthia.com/map_extent.htm
Central Asian Region of Modern day Kyrghistan's
Relationship with India 6th - 10th Century A.D.
http://www.ctaj.elcat.kg/tolstyi/c/c024.html
Rock Carving and Inscriptions Along the Indus, The Buddhist
Tradition by Volker Thewalt
http://www.thewalt.de/reprints/saa83.htm
Dionysus and Katargama: Parallel Mystery Cults by Patrick Harrigan
http://kataragama.org/research/dionysus.htm
Mongol Armies and Indian Campaigns
http://www.mongolianculture.com/MONGOL-ARMIES.htm
The Indo-Mongolian Relationship: A Retrospective Outlook on
Buddhism
http://www.mongolianculture.com/ProfBira-Lect.htm
Manichaen Input to Chinese Culture and Art by R. Banerjee
http://www.ibiblio.org/radha/rpub014a.htm
Sun Wukong, the Monkey King
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Wukong
From Protean Ape to Handsome Saint: The Monkey King by Whalen Lai
http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-EPT/whalen.htm